Hand-sewn expanded polytetrafluoroethylene valved conduit for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Due to the lack of large-sized pulmonary valved conduit products in clinical practice, hand-sewn expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) valved conduit has been used for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction in many heart centers around the world. This study aims to summarize the early results of the ePTFE valved conduit and the sewing technology of the conduit in combination with the latest progress, and to provide a reference for the application of ePTFE valved conduit.@*METHODS@#A total of 21 patients using ePTFE valved conduit for RVOT reconstruction in the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from October 2018 to October 2020 were prospectively enrolled in this study. The age at the implantation of the conduit was 4.3 to 43.8 (median 15.1) years old, with weight of (38.9±4.1) kg. In this cohort, 14 patients underwent re-reconstruction of RVOT, including 12 patients with pulmonary regurgitation at 6.3 to 31.0 (median 13.8) years after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair, and 2 patients with failed bovine jugular vein conduit (BJVC). Seven patients underwent Ross operations. Among them, 3 were for aortic valve stenosis, 2 were for aortic regurgitation, and 2 were for both stenosis and regurgitation. The ePTFE valved conduits were standard hand-sewn during the surgery. The 3 leaflets were equal in size with arc-shaped lower edge of the valve sinus. The free edge of the valve leaflets was straight with the length of about 1 mm longer than the diameter. The height of the valve sinus was 4/5 of the diameter. The junction of the valve leaflet was 3/4 of the height of the sinus. The designed leaflets were then continuous non-penetrating sutured into the inner surface of Gore-Tex vessel to make a valved conduit. Valved conduits with diameter of 18, 20, and 22 mm were used in 2, 9, and 10 cases, respectively. The surgical results, postoperative recovery time, and serious complications were summarized, and the changes of postoperative cardiac function status and hemodynamic status of the conduits were investigated.@*RESULTS@#During the implantation of ePTFE valved conduit for RVOT reconstruction, 2 patients underwent mechanical mitral valve replacement with Ross operation, 2 patients with pulmonary regurgitation with repaired TOF underwent left and right pulmonary artery angioplasty, and 1 patient with failed BJVC underwent tricuspid valvuloplasty. The cardiopulmonary bypassing time for patients underwent re-reconstruction of RVOT was (130.9±16.9) min, with aorta clamping for 1 patient to repair the residual defect of the ventricular septum. The cardiopulmonary bypassing and aorta clamping time for Ross operation were (242.7±20.6) min and (145.6±10.5) min, respectively. The duration of postoperative ventilator assistance, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay were 3.5 h to 7.7 d (median 17.1 h),11.2 h to 29.5 d (median 1.9 d), and 6.0 to 56.0 (median 13.0) d, respectively. All patients survived after discharge from hospital. The follow-up rate after discharge was 100% with median time at 15.0 (13.0 to 39.0) months. No death happened during the follow-up. One patient underwent stent implantation due to right coronary stenosis 2 months after Ross operation. One patient underwent balloon dilation due to right pulmonary artery ostium stenosis 1 year after re-reconstruction of RVOT. The cardiac function of all patients recovered to NYHA class I 6 months after operation. The peak pressure gradient across the valve measured by transthoracic echocardiography before discharge was (9.4±2.6) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and (18.3±6.1) mmHg at the last follow-up. There was no significant increase in the gradient during the follow-up (P=0.134). No patient suffered from mild or more pulmonary regurgitation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Hand-sewn ePTFE valved conduit is feasible for RVOT reconstruction. It is a promising material for RVOT reconstruction which can effectively meet clinical need. In our experience, the ePTFE valved conduit is simple to manufacture with satisfactory early outcomes.In the application of ePTFE valved conduit, attention should be paid to implantation indications and postoperative anticoagulation management, especially to the preparation details of the valved conduit, to obtain better function and durability of the conduit after implantation.

Pacientes con corazón univentricular sometidos a cirugía de Glenn / Patients with univentricular heart submitted to Glenn surgery

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, quirúrgicas y posquirúrgicas de pacientes univentriculares sometidos a cirugía de Glenn en un centro de referencia cardiovascular. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, llevado a cabo entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2016, en pacientes menores de 18 años que consultaron a una clínica de cuarto nivel, con cardiopatías de fisiología univentricular, definidos por ecocardiografía institucional, presentados en junta médico-quirúrgica, operados o no como primer estadio de paliación y seguidos en el programa de ventrículo único de la institución, posterior a un cateterismo cardiaco para ser presentado en junta médica que definió la realización de cirugía de Glenn. De la historia clínica se recolectaron datos de ecocardiogramas diagnósticos, cateterismos cardiacos, descripciones quirúrgicas y evoluciones. Resultados: Se analizaron 88 pacientes univentriculares, de los cuales el 63% eran hombres y el 36% eran mujeres. La anatomía del ventrículo funcional univentricular derecho estuvo presente en el 38.6% y la morfología funcional izquierda en el 61.4%. Entre las características asociadas con la mortalidad se verificó que el 1.1% tuviera insuficiencia moderada de la válvula atrioventricular y que el 3.4% tuviera insuficiencia grave de la válvula atrioventricular. El 38.6% presentó cifras de presión pulmonar elevadas, medidas por cateterismo cardiaco, y el 46% tenían resistencia vascular pulmonar aumentada. Se usó terapia vasopresora antes de la cirugía de Glenn en nueve pacientes; todos recibieron milrinona. La mortalidad posquirúrgica fue del 18%. Conclusiones: Este estudio evidencia que el diagnóstico y la intervención temprana contribuyen a reducir la morbimortalidad en los pacientes con diagnóstico de corazón univentricular, puesto que sin intervención de segundo estadio de paliación sería mortal para la mayoría de ellos. Así mismo, evidencia la importancia de la implementación de un programa integral para la atención de enfermedades cardiovasculares complejas.

Abstract Objective: To describe the clinical, surgical and post-surgical characteristics of univentricular patients undergoing Glenn’s surgery in a cardiovascular reference center. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study from January 2012 to December 2016, in patients under 18 who consulted a fourth level clinic with cardiopathies of univentricular physiology defined by institutional echocardiography, presented at the surgical medical board, operated or not as the first stage of palliation, followed in the single ventricle program of the institution, later performed a cardiac catheterization to be presented at the medical board that defined the performance of Glenn’s surgery. From the clinical history, data of diagnostic echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, surgical descriptions, and evolutions were collected. Results: A total of 88 univentricular patients were analyzed, of which 63% were men and 36% women. The anatomy of the right univentricular functional ventricle was present in 38.6% and 61.4% of left functional morphology. Among the characteristics associated with mortality, it was verified that 1.1% had moderate atrioventricular valve insufficiency and 3.4% had severe atrioventricular valve insufficiency in the patients who participated in the study. 38.6% had pulmonary arterial hypertension detected by cardiac catheterization and 46% had increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The use of vasopressor therapy before Glenn’s surgery was present in 9 patients and of them, the whole had milrinone. The postoperative mortality was 18%. Conclusions: This study shows that diagnosis and early intervention reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with a diagnosis of univentricular heart since without intervention of the second stage of palliation would be fatal for the vast majority of patients. It also demonstrates the importance of a comprehensive program for the care of complex cardiovascular pathologies.

A mass causing right ventricular outflow obstruction - a dreadful complication

Abstract The most common cardiac tumour in the pediatric age group is rhabdomyoma. These are usually located in the ventricles, either in the ventricular septum or free wall. Cardiac tumours in early infancy may lead to severely compromised blood flow due to inflow or outflow tract obstruction. The diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma can be established by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Rhabdomyomas have a natural history of spontaneous regression; surgical intervention is reserved for patients with symptoms of severe obstruction or hemodynamic instability. In this study, a case of two-year old child who presented with failure to thrive and underwent excision of pedunculated mass from the right ventricular outflow tract was reported.

Correction of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by anomalous papillary muscle and subaortic membrane

Abstract This paper presents a case study of a 30-year-old male patient with dyspnea on exertion had echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic subvalvar stenosis. Discrete mitral regurgitation and aortic valve dysplasia with mild to moderate insufficiency and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were also noted. During surgery, a rare condition was identified: presence of papillary muscle anomaly associated with the subaortic membrane as a cause of obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. With the resection of these structures and a mitral valve annuloplasty, the patient evolved with a significant improvement of clinical condition and heart failure, with no residual mitral insufficiency.

Estenosis aórtica severa de bajo flujo, bajo gradiente con función sistólica preservada, un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico: ¿qué sabemos a día de hoy? / Low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved systolic function, a diagnostic and therapeutic goal: What do we know today?

Resumen La estenosis aórtica severa de flujo bajo, gradiente bajo y la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo conservada es una entidad frecuente en la práctica clínica. Probablemente, represente una fase más avanzada de la enfermedad con una mayor carga soportada o de más larga data y con una fisiopatología restrictiva. Existen características clínicas, hemodinámicas y ecocardiográficas típicas. Se trata de una entidad infradiagnosticada y como consecuencia infratratada con un claro peor pronóstico con tratamiento conservador. Se necesita en muchos casos el apoyo de la «multiimagen¼ para un adecuado diagnóstico y elección del momento terapéutico. La sustitución valvular en los pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa y flujo bajo paradójico, parecen tener una mayor mortalidad a corto y largo plazo al compararla en los pacientes con flujo normal y similar si lo hacemos frente a la estenosis aórtica de bajo flujo y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo deprimida. Existe una menor mortalidad con la implantación transcatéter de válvula aórtica comparándolo frente al tratamiento médico en pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa sintomática con flujo bajo, tanto la fracción de eyección baja como el flujo bajo paradójico, considerados inoperables. No parecen existir evidencias actuales para recomendar el abordaje percutáneo frente al recambio valvular aórtico quirúrgico en los pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico con estenosis aórtica con flujo bajo paradójico.

Abstract Low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction of the left ventricle is a frequent entity of clinical practice. It can probably represent a more advance phase of the illness with a heavier load or time frame and a restrictive pathophysiology. There are typical clinical, hemodynamic and echocardiographic characteristics. It is an underdiagnosed condition, and as such it is undertreated, with a clearly worse prognosis with conservative treatment. In many cases, the help of «multiimaging¼ is required for an appropriate diagnosis and choosing the therapeutic moment. Valve replacement in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis seem to show higher mortality in the short and long term when compared to patients with normal flow, and similar mortality if compared to low-flow aortic stenosis with depressed ejection fraction of the left ventricle. There is a lower mortality with the transcatheter aortic valve implantation in comparison with treatment of patients with symptomatic low-flow severe aortic stenosis, both for a low ejection fraction and for the paradoxical low flow, considered inoperable. No current evidence seems to exist to recommend percutaneous approach versus aortic valve replacement in high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis with paradoxical low flow severe aortic stenosis.

Pregnancy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Severe Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients with severe left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (those with a gradient of > 100 mm Hg) are at the highest risk of hemodynamic deterioration during pregnancy. Complications of HOCM include sudden cardiac death, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Physiological changes during pregnancy may induce these complications, affecting maternal and fetal health conditions. Therefore, close monitoring with appropriate management is essential for the well-being of both mother and fetus. We report on the case of a 27-year-old female patient with severe LVOT obstruction HOCM, pressure gradient (PG) of 125 mm Hg at resting, and 152 mm Hg induced by the Valsalva maneuver at 34 weeks gestation. This case showed how close monitoring using echocardiography and proper management during the course of pregnancy resulted in successful delivery in the patient with extremely high PG HOCM.

Rapidly Growing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Mass in Patient with Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma

Cardiac metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) without inferior vena cava (IVC) involvements is extremely rare with few reported cases. Sarcomatoid RCC with rhabdoid feature is a rare pathologic type of RCC having aggressive behavior due to great metastatic potential. Here, we report a case of rapidly growing cardiac metastasis of RCC which brought on right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction without IVC and right atrial involvement in a 61-year-old woman. Cardiac arrest occurred during radical nephrectomy and echocardiography revealed mass nearly obstructing the RVOT which was not recognized by preoperative echocardiography 1 month ago. Postoperative immunohistochemical evaluation of renal mass revealed sarcomatoid RCC with rhabdoid feature.

Extreme septal hypertrophy in an adolescent with congenital familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

No abstract available.

Ecocardiografia transesofágico intraoperatório na avaliação de gradientes residuais após correção cirúrgica das obstruções das vias de saída ventriculares direita e esquerda / Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of residual gradients after surgical correction of right and left ventricular outflow tract obstructions

Fundamento: O Ecocardiograma Transesofágico (ETE) intraoperatório tem sido muito utilizado durante as correções das cardiopatias congênitas; entretanto, em obstruções de vias de saída dos ventrículos, as informações são limitadas. Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade do ETE em detectar gradientes residuais em pacientes com obstruções de vias de saída dos ventrículos. Pacientes e Método: Os gradientes sistólicos após circulação extracorpórea ao ETE de 127 pacientes (idade média de 7 anos), sendo 79 com obstrução direita e 48 com obstrução esquerda, foram comparados ao Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ETT) após cirurgia. Gradientes maiores que 40 mmHg foram considerados de significância hemodinâmica.Resultados: Nas obstruções esquerdas o ETE mostrou gradientes médios maiores que o ETT (30 mmHg vs 24mmHg; p = 0,014). Os gradientes ao ETE foram menores que 40 mmHg em 75% dos pacientes e houve concordância com o ETT em 97%. Nos demais, o gradiente ao ETE foi maior que 40 mmHg e houve concordância com o ETT em 33%. Nas obstruções direitas o ETE mostrou gradientes médios semelhantes ao ETT (28 mmHg vs 25 mmHg; p = 0,21). Os gradientes ao ETE foram menores que 40 mmHg em 88% dos pacientes e houve concordância com o ETT em 91,5%. Nos demais, o gradiente ao ETE foi maior que 40 mmHg e houve concordância com o ETT em 60%. Conclusão: O ETE mostrou-se útil na detecção de gradientes residuais nas vias de saída dos ventrículos nos pacientes estudados. Entretanto, em gradientes maiores que 40 mmHg, o ETE sugere maior severidade das obstruções, particularmente no lado esquerdo.

Background: Despite the large use of intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) in congenital heart surgery, limited information is available regarding ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the post-bypass TEE to detect residual gradients in patients with ventricular outflow obstruction. Patients and Methods: Post-bypass TEE peak systolic gradients of 127 patients (mean age of 7 years), being 79 with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and 48 with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, were compared with the postoperative TTE. Postoperative lesions were considered of hemodynamic significance when peak systolic gradient was higher than 40 mmHg. Results: In patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction TEE showed mean peak systolic gradients higher than TTE (30 mmHg versus 24 mmHg; p= 0,014). In 75%, TEE gradients were lower than 40 mmHg and agreed with TTE in 97%. In the remaining patients, TEE gradients were higher than 40 mmHg and agree with TTE in 33%. In patients with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction TEE mean gradients agreed with TTE (28 mmHg versus 25 mmHg; p= 0.21). In 88%, TEE gradients were lower than 40 mmHg and agreed with TTE in 91.5%. In the remaining patients, TEE gradients were higher than 40 mmHg and agreed with TTE in 60%.Conclusion: TEE showed to be a reliable technique to detect residual ventricular outflow tract obstructions in the majority of patients. However, when considered gradients higher than 40 mmHg, TEE suggested a greater severity of obstructions, particularly on the left side.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Part 1 - Introduction, pathology and pathophysiology.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease with many genotype and phenotype variations. Earlier terminologies, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and idiopathic hypertrophic sub‑aortic stenosis are no longer used to describe this entity. Patients present with or without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Resting or provocative LVOT obstruction occurs in 70% of patients and is the most common cause of heart failure. The pathology and pathophysiology of HCM includes hypertrophy of the left ventricle with or without right ventricular hypertrophy, systolic anterior motion of mitral valve, dynamic and mechanical LVOT obstruction, mitral regurgitation, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and fibrosis. Thorough understanding of pathology and pathophysiology is important for anesthetic and surgical management.

Implante de conducto apicoaórtico en paciente con estenosis aórtica severa post reemplazo valvular protésico / Apicoaortic valved conduit implanted in a patient with severe aortic stenosis due to mismatched aortic valve prosthesis

Introducción: La estenosis aórtica fibrocálcica es el tipo de valvulopatía más frecuente, especialmente en los adultos mayores, siendo el reemplazo valvular aórtico el tratamiento definitivo. Un mal resultado post operatorio puede deberse a un mal funcionamiento de la válvula protésica. Caso clínico: Paciente de 42 años de edad sometido a reemplazo valvular aórtico por presentar estenosis aórtica severa fibrocálcica en una válvula bicúspide y aorta de pared muy fina. Evoluciona asintomático durante 4 años, al cabo de los cuales y luego de abandonar su tratamiento anticoagulante consulta por disnea y dolor anginoso. Un ecocardiograma muestra estenosis severa de la válvula protésica. Dado los antecedentes de su cirugía previa se decide implantar un conducto de dacrón valvulado ápico-aórtico a través de toracotomía posterolateral izquierda. Evolución post operatoria muy satisfactoria permaneciendo asintomático, con un seguimiento de 15 meses. La recidiva de la estenosis aórtica severa post reemplazo valvular protésico tiene en el bypass ápico-aórtico una excelente alternativa de tratamiento efectivo, especialmente cuando el recambio valvular tradicional implica un alto riesgo quirúrgico.

Introduction: The most frequent surgical procedure of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to severe aortic stenosis is aortic valve replacement, but there is an alternative and less conventional method described by Cooley used in patients with previous aortic valve replacement and severe aortic wall calcification that bypasses the left ventricular outflow tract through the implant of an apicoaortic valved conduit. Clinical case: We describe the case of 42 years old patient with severe aortic stenosis due to mismatched valve prosthesis previously installed treated by of apicoaortic conduit implanted through left posterolateral thoracotomy.

Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Obstrutiva Médio-Ventricular / Mid-Ventricular Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva médio-ventricular é uma variante rara (1%) da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos uma paciente encaminhada para realização de cateterismo cardíaco eletivo por angina e dispneia aos moderados esforços, sem obstrução coronariana significativa e com ventriculografia esquerda, demostrando cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva médio-ventricular com um gradiente pressórico intraventricular de 130 mmHg...

Mid-ventricular hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a rare variant form (1%) of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In this case, we report a patient referred for elective cardiac catheterization due to angina and dyspnea on moderate exertion, with no significant coronary obstruction, and left ventriculography indicating the presence of mid-ventricular hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with an intraventricular pressure gradient of 130 mmHg...

Generalización geométrica fractal de ventriculografías izquierdas normales y con disfunción leve / Fractal geometric generalization of normal left ventriculographies and with mild dysfunction

Introducción: la estructura cardiaca es por naturaleza, irregular, su adecuada caracterización se hace mediante la aplicación de la geometría fractal. Desde esta geometría se desarrolló un diagnóstico objetivo del ventriculograma izquierdo. Objetivo: desarrollar una generalización teórica de la dinámica ventricular izquierda en los estados de normalidad y enfermedad leve, a partir del diagnóstico matemático objetivo y reproducible desarrollado previamente. Se calcularon todas las posibles estructuras ventriculares durante la dinámica cardiaca a partir de los grados de similitud para casos que evolucionan entre normales y leves en busca de los prototipos matemáticos ventriculares de normalidad y enfermedad leve. Resultados: se estableció que la totalidad de posibles prototipos de la estructura ventricular para normalidad y enfermedad leve son 1345; 551 corresponden a normalidad y 794 a enfermedad leve. Al comparar los grados de similitud de ventrículos previamente medidos, con los prototipos obtenidos, se encontró que sus medidas estaban incluidas en la generalización. Conclusión: se desarrolló una nueva metodología de aplicación clínica reproducible y de ayuda diagnóstica objetiva, independiente de clasificaciones clínicas, con base en la generalización geométrica de la dinámica ventricular. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 131-136).

Introduction: Cardiac structure is irregular by nature; its proper characterization is done by application of fractal geometry. From this geometry an objective diagnosis of left ventriculogram was developed. Objective: to develop a theoretical generalization of left ventricular dynamics in states of normality and mild disease, from the objective and reproducible previously developed mathematical diagnosis. All possible ventricular structures were calculated during cardiac dynamics from the degrees of similarity for cases that evolve between normal and mild in search of mathematical prototypes of normality and mild disease. Results: It was established that all of the possible prototypes for normal ventricular structure and mild disease are 1345; 551 correspond to normality and 794 to mild disease. Comparing the degree of similarity of previously measured ventricles, with the obtained prototypes, it was found that its measures were included in the generalization. Conclusion: a new methodology for clinical application reproducible and of objective diagnostic aid independently of clinical classifications, based on the geometric generalization of ventricular dynamics, was developed. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 131-136).

spectrum of anatomical variations in patients with tetralogy of fallot undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization

To determine the various anatomic associations in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization with Tetralogy of Fallot. Descriptive study. Armed forces Institute of Cardiology and National Institute of Heart Diseases, from Jan 2012 to Dec 2012 All patients with tetralogy of fallot [TOF] who underwent cardiac catheterization were included in the study. A standard catheterization with cine-angiograms was performed and different associations were recorded. A total 200 patients underwent catheterization during 12 months. The mean age of patients was 6.3 years including 66% [n=132] male and 34% [n=68] female patients. The most common associated anomaly in our patients was major aortopulmonary collateral arteries [MAPCAS] 28% [17% significant and 11% insignificant]. The other associated anomalies were right sided arch in 10%patients, additional muscular ventricular septal defects in 4% [8] patients, persistence of left superior vena cava in 5%[10] patients, patent ductus arteriosus in 5% [10] patients, absent left pulmonary artery in 1% [2] patients and left anterior descending coronary artery crossing right ventricular outflow tract [RVOT] in 1%patients. There was no cardiac perforation, tamponade, cardiac arrest or death during this period. Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries remained the most common finding which necessitated early diagnosis and management in order to prevent long term complications

A Case of Unruptured Aneurysm of the Right Sinus of Valsalva with Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction

A 66-year-old man presented with exertional dyspnea. He was found to have an unruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva causing significant right ventricular outflow obstruction. This aneurysm was diagnosed by transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography, transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and 64-slice multidetector cardiac computed tomography. Because unruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva are rarely symptomatic, they can be difficult to detect. However, the unruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva in this case caused significant right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, resulting in exertional dyspnea.

Idiopathic left ventricular outflow tract pseudoaneurysm.

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pseudoaneurysm is a rare occurrence and may produce clinically unpredictable symptoms. A very few cases of LVOT pseudoaneurysm are reported and there has always been a predisposing factor in these reported cases such as history of infective endocarditis, myocardial infarction, prosthetic aortic valve replacement or chest trauma. Our patient did not have the above predisposing conditions. Intra operative transesophageal echocardiography helped patient management and guided the surgical team in securing and isolation of the aneurysmal sac from the LVOT.